Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia: The Russian Church, which has several dioceses, hundreds of parishes and millions of believers on the territory of the European Union, is taking an active part in the creation of the new face of our continent. It is the task of our Church to remind Europe of its Christian roots, to resist the attack of aggressive secularism, and to defend traditional values. An active role in the realization of this noble task is fulfilled by the Representation of the Moscow Patriarchate to the European Institutions. August 28, 2008
Russian Orthodox Church representation to the European Institutions
Russian Orthodox Church
Representation to the European Institutions


Eglise Orthodoxe Russe
Représentation près les Institutions Européennes
Russian Orthodox Church representation to the European Institutions


  Events

President Vladimir Putin Visits the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Russian President V. Putin visits
Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna

Russian President Visits Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
Russian President V. Putin visits
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral

Visit of Her Majesty Queen Paola of Belgium to the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Queen Paola of the Belgians
visited Church Representation
in Brussels

European Commission President J.M.Barroso and Austrian Chancellor W.Schussel Meet with Religious Leaders
European Commission
President J.M.Barroso
and Austrian Chancellor
W.Schussel Meet with
Religious Leaders

The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation M. E. Fradkov Visits the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Budapest
Russian Prime Minister
M.Fradkov visited
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
  
The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation M. M. Kasyanov Visited the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Budapest
Russian Prime Minister
M.Kasyanov visited
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
   
Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Visited the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Russian Foreign Minister
visited Church Representation
in Brussels


Russian Foreign Minister Visited Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
Russian Foreign Minister
visited Hungarian
Orthodox Cathedral

Austrian Parliament President visited Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Austrian Parliament President
visited Orthodox Cathedral
in Vienna

  

The Archbishop of Vienna, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, visited the St Nicholas Cathedral in Vienna
Cardinal Christoph Schönborn
visited Russian Orthodox
Cathedral in Vienna
 

The Primate of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Visited the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Archbishop of Finland visited
Church Representation
in Brussels
 

Consecration of the Patriarchal Church of the Holy Trinity and Premises of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in Brussels
Consecration of the
Holy Trinity Church in Brussels

Archbishop of Salzburg visited Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Archbishop of Salzburg
visited Russian Orthodox
Cathedral in Vienna

Metropolitan Kirill visited Hungary
Metropolitan Kirill
visited Hungary

Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Visits the Diocese of Vienna and Austria
Metropolitan Kirill 
visited Austria

 
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No 111 (December 12, 2006)

In English:
Music by Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev and Arvo Pärt performed at the Great Hall of Moscow Conservatory
Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad: The Experience of Viewing the Problems of Human Rights and their Moral Foundations in European Religious Communities

En français:
Le patriarche Alexis donne les nouvelles statistiques de l’Eglise orthodoxe russe
Traduction française du livre de Mgr Hilarion Alfeyev sur Grégoire de Nazianze parue aux éditions du Cerf
Le livre du pape Benoît XVI "Introduction au christianisme" est sorti en russe avec la préface du métropolite Cyrille
Le métropolite Cyrille effectue une visite en Inde
Le métropolite Cyrille appelle à l’unité du monde orthodoxe
Le mouvement pour l’Orthodoxie locale de tradition russe a réagi à la publication de l’Acte de communion

Auf Deutsch:
Barbara Hallensleben: Kirchliche Communio im Zeichen der Schwesterkirchen (I)

  
Music by Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev and Arvo Pärt performed at the Great Hall of Moscow Conservatory

Music by Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev and Arvo Pärt performed at the Great Hall of Moscow ConservatoryOn 7 December 2006 the Choir of the State Tretyakov Gallery conducted by Aleksei Puzakov performed the music by Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev and Arvo Pärt at the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory.

Some 1700 persons attended the concert, including a number of Orthodox bishops and priests, the apostolic nuncio Archbishop Antonio Mennini, representatives of the State Duma, the Ministries of Culture and of Foreign Affairs.

The first part of the concert was dedicated to the first performance of the “All-Night Vigil” for mixed choir, composed by Bishop Hilarion in summer 2006.

During the second part of the concert, the “Berliner Messe” by Arvo Pärt and several movements from the “Divine Liturgy” by Bishop Hilarion were performed.

At the end of the concert Bishop Hilarion, who was present at the performance of his works, was greeted by a long and enthusiastic ovation of the public.

The future bishop began his musical education in Moscow's Gnesiny School of music before moving on to the State Conservatory. Studying composition under Vladimir Dovgan, he wrote several pieces of chamber music, including the cycle for tenor and piano “Four poems by Federico Garcia Lorca” (1984).

After his monastic tonsure Father Hilarion did not compose music for almost twenty years. It was only in spring 2006 that, after a long break, he returned to music. In the course of one summer, he composed three substantial pieces, “The Divine Liturgy” and “The All-night Vigil” for mixed choir, as well as “The Passion According to Saint Matthew” for soloists, choir and orchestra.

The latter work consists of 50 musical movements and lasts for almost 2 hours. It includes choirs, arias and recitatives, as well as four orchestral fugues. “The Passion” is scheduled to be performed at the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory on 27 March 2007 by the Choir of the State Tretyakov Gallery and the Great Symphony Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Fedoseev. On 29 March the composition will be performed in Rome, on 31 March in London, and on 2 April in Saint-Petersburg.


Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad: The Experience of Viewing the Problems of Human Rights and their Moral Foundations in European Religious Communities

Presentation at the ‘Moral Values and Evolution of Human Rights in Multicultural Society’ conference

First of all I would like to tell you that I highly appreciate the opportunity to speak about the Russian Orthodox Church’s view on human rights precisely here in Strasbourg, at a forum which represents the Council of Europe. There are two reasons for this satisfaction. Firstly, I represent the Orthodox vision of human rights in an ‘experienced’ organization which for a number of decades has accumulated great knowledge in and means of handling this realm. Secondly, I highly value the fact that this conference is taking place. It speaks of how the Council of Europe is open to listening to the voices of various cultures in the European space. For me this testifies to the fact that the Council of Europe is not an elite club remote from society, but a vital expanse of communication between the peoples of Europe, moreover in relation to the values by which they live.

Last April the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church took a decision to produce a document reflecting its view on human rights and the advocacy of human rights. The development of this document has only just begun. Therefore I can only draw your attention to the directions which this work is taking and how it poses the problem. As we are aware, the results of any work are greatly influenced by the motives behind it. Therefore, to begin with, I would like to outline two fundamental reasons by which the Russian Orthodox Church today raises the question of human rights.

First of all, now is the most suitable time for profound reflection upon this conception from the position of our thousand-year spiritual and national tradition. It is no secret that the concept of human rights and its institutions are an idea and reality which have formed in Western culture. Therefore their borrowing requires adaptation to the concrete life of a particular people. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, when the topic of human rights became ever more relevant in international relations and occupied a leading position in the internal life of many countries, the Russian Orthodox Church was deprived of the opportunity of being able to discuss freely this topic. In Soviet society human rights were not regarded as a serious challenge. In signing international agreements in defense of human rights, the Soviet Union had in mind its own standards of human rights, the inviolability of which were upheld by the power of the state. Today no external forces put the Russian Orthodox Church under pressure; therefore it is able to express freely its opinion of human rights. Moreover, these considerations are based on the small yet practical experience of fifteen years of living in communities orientated towards human rights norms.

On the other hand, the Russian Orthodox Church is endeavouring to make its contribution to the development of the universal character of human rights. I have often chanced to hear the view that Russians want to come up with their own comfy notion of human rights and then justify it by any means possible. I would like to make it clear that nobody has ever invented a means of speaking of universal norms other than in their own national language. To this day the understanding and application of human rights bear the serious cultural imprint of the West. This is perhaps not so noticeable in the West, yet it is obvious in the East, in Asia, Latin America and Africa. It is therefore too early to say that a universal vision of human rights exists. Indeed, we are only on the verge of hammering out a truly universal understanding of human rights to which each culture will make its contribution. I believe this to be one of the priority tasks of dialogue between civilizations.

I do not deny that the West has made and continues to make a very weighty and significant contribution to this process, yet it is essential to listen to other voices. In turning to the language of its national culture, each nation turns towards that which is universal within it. Russian culture is especially sensitive to the universal concerns of the human person. It contains a tradition of reflecting upon the topics of freedom, mercy and philanthropy. This is witnessed by Russian theology, spirituality, philosophy, literature and art, which have been studied with interest in other countries. These are the motives which underlie the work of the Russian Church on the topic of human rights.

Now allow me to present those basic lines along which the working group responsible for preparing the document on human rights is thinking. We believe that this document ought to begin by reflecting upon the ideological nucleus of human rights and then come to some practical conclusions. It is obvious that the central idea of the concept of human rights is the notion of the value of the human person. In accordance with this view the well being of each person ought to constitute the main goal of any social order. I would say that this view is a result of humanity’s suffering in the terrible wars of the twentieth century, which were instigated under the influence of the idea of national, racial, ideological or economic supremacy. Humanity has seen that this is a dead end. It leads nowhere. Each life and each person have value and are called to a good life. And this idea, which is imbedded in human rights, finds a response in the hearts of many people throughout the globe, independent of their faith and nationality.

Of course, Christianity cannot but respond to this idea, as it was precisely Christianity which nourished this idea. How can it be otherwise if in the eyes of God who created the world the human person occupies a special place and enjoys his special love? In Holy Scripture God’s relationship to the human person is expressed in the Greek word agape, which means ‘love.’ In the tradition of Christian thought this love is made real and is transformed into the concrete notion of love of humanity. The holy fathers call God the lover of humanity. In Orthodox worship this definition of God is the one that is encountered most often of all. Each person is called upon to embody this very principle in his relations with his neighbour. If the person does not act in this way, he goes against God. For its part, the Russian theological, philosophical and literary tradition has always accorded and continues to accord priority to the theme of the human person and love of the person. Quite recently the famous writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn once more expressed this idea in relation to the practical sphere. He said that the ‘care and well-being of the people is the most important of all the tasks of the state.’

However, love for the human person signifies a certain understanding of his well being which is based upon the notion of the human person. Moreover, it is important with what means this well being is attained. After all we may humiliate someone and believe that we are doing him good. Therefore the goal and means are to be in accord with each other in the single spirit of love for humanity. In modern multicultural society there exists a remarkable unanimity regarding the well being of the human person. However, it touches upon only the material aspect of human life. Of course, there is nothing wrong with this, as our love of neighbour ought to signify concern for his material well being also. It is therefore perfectly right that the state should strive to build an effective economy and create a system of social security for the human person.

At the same time (and unfortunately this has to be said) concern for the spiritual welfare of the human person is left today to the discretion of the individual and is not an object of concern for state and society. At first glance the notion that each defines for himself what serves his spiritual welfare is fine and elevated. In fact it turns out that in withdrawing from this sphere, the state and society lease out the topic of morality in the public sphere to interest groups who attain power, make money and gratify their personal ambitions on the spiritual vices of the human person. This situation is justified as being the free choice of those people who consume this product. However, it is not difficult to create a demand for amoral products if we bear in mind the very unstable moral condition of human nature. There is an ancient Christian story in which a hermit came with his young disciple to a large town to fulfill a need. They were met by a harlot who said to the hermit: ‘You have laboured for many years with this young man in order to educate him in virtue. Would you like me to destroy your labours in a single minute?" The hermit replied that he quite willingly believed her, as it was far more difficult to climb a mountain than descend from it.

A strange thing happens: one knows how to act properly and how one ought to live, yet the false attraction of vice and one’s weak will draws us in the opposite direction. Humanity has known this truth since time immemorial. In his Epistle to the Romans St. Paul expressed this laconically: ‘I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate’ (Rom 7: 15). The cause of this human condition is sin which distorts human nature. It is uncustomary to speak of sin in the modern world. The secular world has simply made this word taboo. At the same time, for many religions this word is one of the key words in understanding the state of human nature. The non-religious person knows from everyday life that we are capable of mistakes and incorrect actions that do harm to ourselves and others. Thus sin is a universal concept. Society ought not to punish the human person for infracting morality if he does live in accordance with moral precepts in his personal life. Yet in public life society ought to uphold moral direction since the human person needs this support because of his moral weakness. What is now happening in our countries goes completely against this task. In the public realm, especially in the mass media, one is not called upon to observe moral standards but, moreover, by various means is convinced of the necessity of transgressing them. As a result society deprives people of the freedom of moral development and perfection.

The withdrawal of society and the state from supporting the traditional moral norms has resulted in society confronting the offense given to the religious feelings and the advertising of pseudo-religious movements which use the public realm for the propagation of their views. Moreover, in the law of the land and in international law standards are being introduced which are then realized in the policies of countries and which contradict traditional morality. It transpires that the minority imposes its standards upon the majority. In Europe it has become a commonplace when all that is connected to Christianity is removed from the public realm in order not to offend the feelings of representatives of other religions. That results in the connivance at the intolerance of religious minorities and the diminishing of the rights of the religious majority. What then do people see? Human rights cannot defend their cultural and religious traditions. Then they join the ranks of the extreme right, and we are surprised why these political tendencies find support at elections.

I am convinced that the concern for spiritual needs, based moreover on traditional morality, ought to return to the public realm. The upholding of moral standards must become a social cause. It is the mechanism of human rights that can actively enable this return. I am speaking of a return, for the norm of according human rights with traditional morality can be found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. It is in particular stated in article 29 paragraph 2: ‘In realizing his rights and freedoms each person ought to submit only to those limitations which have been instituted by law with the sole purpose of safeguarding the due recognition and respect for the human rights and freedoms of others and the satisfaction of the just demands of morality, public order and the general welfare in democratic society.’

The topic of morality proceeds from the question of the purpose and meaning of the institution of human rights. Freedom cannot be an end in itself; otherwise we will be forced to admit its extreme manifestations too, which lead to the self-destruction of the human person and the collapse of society. For example, the problem of giving offense to religious feelings consists not of whether freedom of speech or freedom of creative work should exist, but of how this freedom is used. If one does not care for and take into consideration the opinions of one’s fellow citizens, then one does not have the right to speak publicly in this society on this topic. The tragedy of modern-day human rights advocates is that they do not sense that an individual or a group of people can use freedom not for the good but for the bad of others in pursuing their narrow interests.

However, the understanding of what is good and what is bad will not be made manifest by itself. Rousseau’s optimistic view of human nature has long since been shown to be utopian. It is my profound conviction that the principle of freedom, which is today defended by human rights institutions, ought to be harmonized with morality and faith. This harmonization ought to be reflected in the structure of contemporary society. In the opposite instance a social system built exceptionally upon human rights will be fragile and destruct itself.

One of the arguments against the presence of moral standards in the public realm is the assertion that there is not a single morality. The opponents of upholding morality in public life say that there are as many people as there are opinions, which means as many approaches to morality. No, there is a single morality. Within the confines of the Ten Commandments the major world religions agree among themselves. It is also with these commandments that as a rule secular ethics also agree. The unity of morality is based upon the human characteristic of conscience. Various philosophical traditions may ascribe them to various sources. Christianity states that it is a divine law inscribed within the human person, suggesting to him what is dangerous for him and what is not.

This was once more affirmed by the various meetings in which the Russian Orthodox Church has actively participated this year. The topic of human rights was discussed by representatives of Russian society and people of Russian culture from various countries at the World Russian Peoples’ Council. There were discussions between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church in Vienna last May. Moscow hosted a summit of religious leaders at the beginning of July. In September, together with the Council of Europe, Nizhny Novgorod hosted the ‘Dialogue of Cultures and Inter-Religious Cooperation’ Conference. All of these meetings showed that not only between the various Christian confessions is there a common understanding of moral standards, but also between the main world religious communities and even secular moral value systems. At all conferences we found a sufficiently wide platform for that which is upheld by each religious or secular force. Of course, we believe in God in different ways, yet we relate to peoples’ religious feelings in identical ways, and we do not believe that it is permissible to offend them for the sake of freedom of expression.

Why is the opinion of the majority ignored and not taken into account in the structure of modern-day society? It is this question which we address today to the world community. We understand that harmonizing freedom of personal moral choice with the moral values of society is an extremely difficult task. It will not be resolved by interdictions and controls alone. The education moral behaviour ought to be a social aim. No political or economic interests ought to distort this goal. However, the human person should have the freedom of choice in his personal life, in other words, to have an opportunity not to adhere to norms. In this instance neither the state nor society should implement any sanctions or penalties. Yet from the television screen one ought not to be taught how to find a mistress but how to set up and keep a family, not how to earn a living dishonestly but how to earn a living by honest labour.

In order that moral norms and values of religious traditions be present in the public domain, it is essential to set up mechanisms of dialogue between the structures of the authorities and religious communities, of interaction between society and religion. Religious organizations ought to have the chance to enter into dialogue and have a genuine influence upon fundamental decision-making, since they are the main bearers of moral values in any society. It is essential to have a multilateral dialogue both at the national and international levels. It would be good if the Council of Europe, the European Union and United Nations were to develop consultative organs which would enter into dialogue with religious organizations.

In today’s conditions of the multiculturalism of practically every society not a single religion can claim to have a special status. However, the place of each religion in society and its contribution to the life of society must be considered. The political and social system ought to be constructed so that religious organizations can work with their followers, including the social sphere: in education, health, public service and so on. Therefore in those countries where the Russian Church has a presence it speaks out for the teaching of Orthodox culture in secular schools, for the introduction of chaplaincies, the presence of religious topics in the media and the social ministry of religious organizations. Today Orthodox public opinion is aiming to be included in the advocacy of human rights in all realms of social life. Thus, there are plans to set up a human rights centre under the World Russian Peoples’ Council. I am convinced that the experience that we will gain would help us to reflect upon the meaning of defending human rights. I would like to emphasize that in the process of working we are open to dialogue and cooperation with all public forces.

Strasbourg,
October 30, 2006


Le patriarche Alexis donne les nouvelles statistiques de l’Eglise orthodoxe russe

Dans son discours à l’assemblée générale du diocèse de Moscou le 5 décembre 2006 le patriarche Alexis de Moscou et de toute la Russie a donné les nouvelles statistiques de l’Eglise orthodoxe russe.

Le Patriarcat de Moscou compte actuellement 131 diocèses et 169 évêques dont 131 diocésains, 38 auxiliaires et 13 émérites.

Le nombre de monastères s’élève à 713. En Russie: 216 monastères d’hommes et 237 monastères de femmes. En Ukraine: 87 monastères d’hommes et 81 monastères de femmes. Dans les autres pays de la CEI: 34 monastères d’hommes et 53 monastères de femmes. Dans le reste du monde: 2 monastères d’hommes et 3 monastères de femmes.

L’Eglise orthodoxe russe possède 5 académies de théologie, 2 universités, 37 séminaires, 38 petits séminaires.

Le diocèse de Moscou compte actuellement les 7 églises du Kremlin, 2 cathédrales, 5 églises synodales, 298 paroisses, 118 métochies patriarcales, 64 métochies monastiques, 68 églises de monastères, 9 baptistères et 69 chapelles. 17 églises de Moscou ne sont toujours pas rendues au culte, 33 églises n’ont pas été libérées par les anciens occupants, 90 églises et chapelles sont en construction.

Le clergé paroissial de Moscou compte 1117 personnes, dont 820 prêtres et 297 diacres. Le clergé monastique compte 400 prêtres et 125 diacres.


Traduction française du livre de Mgr Hilarion Alfeyev sur Grégoire de Nazianze parue aux éditions du Cerf

Traduction française du livre de Mgr Hilarion Alfeyev sur Grégoire de Nazianze parue aux éditions du Cerf Les éditions du Cerf (Paris) viennent de publier la traduction française du livre de l’évêque Hilarion Alfeyev, évêque orthodoxe de Vienne et d’Autriche et représentant de l’Eglise orthodoxe russe près les Institutions européennes, sur Grégoire de Nazianze: Le Chantre de la Lumière. Introduction à la spiritualité de Saint Grégoire de Nazianze. Ce livre est la thèse de doctorat de Mgr Hilarion à l’Institut de théologie orthodoxe Saint-Serge (Paris). La traduction française a été faite par le hiéromoine Alexandre (Siniakov), responsable pour les relations avec les Eglises et la société du diocèse de Chersonèse (Paris). L’ouvrage est préfacé par le métropolite Antoine (Bloom).

«Le livre du père Hilarion (Alfeyev), consacré à saint Grégoire de Nazianze, [...] est d’un apport exceptionnel non seulement à notre connaissance théologique d’un des plus grands évêques de l’Eglise orthodoxe, mais également à la découverte de sa personnalité.

Très souvent, les traités consacrés aux grands théologiens laissent dans l’ombre leur croissance spirituelle "de gloire en gloire" et le lecteur a l’impression fausse que le saint s’est élevé dans les hauteurs de la connaissance divine sur des ailes puissantes sans jamais rencontrer d’obstacles. En réalité, aucun Père de l’Eglise n’a eu de cheminement facile : enracinés dans les questions de leur siècle, liés par des traits particuliers de leur âme et de leur intelligence, ils étaient en grande partie tributaires des rencontres que la grâce divine leur accordait et recherchaient la Vérité dans l’obscurité de la pensée philosophique de leur temps. Ils ne trouvaient pas immédiatement les réponses aux questions engendrées par leurs propres émotions profondes et qui se posaient non seulement à l’intérieur de la communauté chrétienne, mais également au-dehors. Le livre du père Hilarion nous dresse avec clarté le chemin intérieur de saint Grégoire et l’acquisition progressive de la vision de la Vérité.» (Antoine Bloom, métropolite de Souroge).

Bien plus qu’à la rencontre d’un saint, d’un théologien ou d’un mystique, c’est à la rencontre d’un homme qui peut encore nous toucher que nous convie Hilarion Alfeyev. Ainsi mise au principe de son ouvrage, cette vie qui n’eut rien de facile, mais qui se livra passionnément au monde, à l’Eglise et à Dieu, permet aux concepts de prendre pleinement sens, et jette sur son action historique, sa théologie et sa haute spiritualité une lumière nouvelle : celle de la fraternité.


Le livre du pape Benoît XVI "Introduction au christianisme" est sorti en russe avec la préface du métropolite Cyrille

Les éditions de la Bibliothèque spirituelle de Moscou viennent de publier la traduction russe du livre du pape Benoît XVI Introduction au christianisme qu’il avait écrit étant encore cardinal Ratzinger. Cette édition russe est préfacée par le métropolite Cyrille de Smolensk et de Kaliningrad, président du Département des relations extérieures du Patriarcat de Moscou. Ce livre est un des principaux ouvrages du pape Benoît XVI. Comme le note l’éditeur, le livre est sorti à un moment crucial de l’histoire contemporaine de l’Eglise catholique, peu de temps après le concile Vatican II et les bouleversements de 1968.

Dans sa préface le métropolite Cyrille note que ce livre, écrit il y a trente ans, garde toute son actualité. "Cela peut paraître paradoxal, note Mgr Cyrille, mais nous, chrétiens du troisième millénaire, avons de plus en plus besoin précisément de l’introduction au christianisme, du retour à ses fondements, à ses sources". En conclusion, le métropolite recommande ce livre "aux lecteurs orthodoxes, à tous ceux qui croient en Christ, de même qu’à ceux qui cherchent encore le chemin vers la Vérité".


Le métropolite Cyrille effectue une visite en Inde

Le 3 décembre 2006 le métropolite Cyrille de Smolensk et de Kaliningrad, président du Département des relations extérieures du Patriarcat de Moscou, a commencé une visite en Inde. Dès le jour de son arrivée Mgr Cyrille a rencontré les hiérarques de l’Eglise syrienne malankar, les métropolites de Delhi Job Mar Philoxenos et de Mumbaï Gervargese Mar Kurilos. Le soir du 3 décembre, après les vigiles, le métropolite Cyrille a présidé la réunion d’un groupe chargé de la création d’une communauté orthodoxe Saint-Thomas à Delhi.

Le 4 décembre le métropolite Cyrille a célébré la divine liturgie de la fête de l’Entrée au Temple de la Mère de Dieu sur le territoire de l’ambassade russe. Après la liturgie a eu lieu la cérémonie de la déposition de la première pierre de l’église orthodoxe Saint-Thomas.

Le Centre culturel russe de Delhi a organisé à cette occasion un colloque "Le rôle et la coopération des religions dans le monde contemporain" qui a réuni des représentants des principales communautés religieuses de l’Inde.


Le métropolite Cyrille appelle à l’unité du monde orthodoxe

L’Eglise orthodoxe russe dénie au Patriarcat de Constantinople le droit de s’immiscer dans les affaires intérieures des autres Eglises et appelle à éviter la division dans le monde orthodoxe.

«Nous nions que le Patriarcat de Constantinople a le droit d’intervenir dans la juridiction des autres Eglises. C’est précisément cette idée qui nous sépare aujourd’hui de Rome», a indiqué le président du Département des relations extérieures du Patriarcat de Moscou, le métropolite de Smolensk et de Kaliningrad Cyrille à l’ouverture du festival annuel du cinéma et de la télévision orthodoxe «Radonezh».

Le métropolite a indiqué qu’aujourd’hui l’Eglise orthodoxe reste unie, que le Patriarcat de Constantinople et l’Eglise orthodoxe russe sont en union eucharistique.

«Nous devons préserver cette unité et en aucun cas répondre aux provocations, quelles qu’elles soient, qui puissent détruire cette unité», – a-t-il souligné.

Selon le métropolite Cyrille, la «face du monde» aurait été différente si au XIème siècle la division entre Rome et Constantinople ne s’était produite.

«Nous ne devons pas permettre qu’une division se produise dans le monde orthodoxe», – a souligné le métropolite.

Il a rappelé qu’au début du XXème siècle à Constantinople a été développée une vision de la place du Patriarche de Constantinople non conforme à la tradition et «en aucune façon liée à la tradition canonique de l’Eglise orthodoxe». C’est ce qui a amené, a expliqué le métropolite Cyrille, a une série de schisme – dans les pays de la Baltique, en Finlande, en Pologne.

«Nous ne considérons pas que le patriarche de Constantinople a des prérogatives de pouvoir à l’égard des autres Eglises orthodoxes locales. Nous considérons qu’il n’existe pas de centre, qui jouerait un rôle de cour d’appel. Un tel rôle ne peut être exercé que par le Concile Panorthodoxe», – a dit le métropolite Cyrille.

Source: Interfax


Le mouvement pour l’Orthodoxie locale de tradition russe a réagi à la publication de l’Acte de communion

Le Mouvement pour l’Orthodoxie locale de tradition russe (OLTR) a diffusé récemment un communiqué spécial à l’occasion de la publication de l’Acte de communion entre le Patriarcat de Moscou et l’Eglise orthodoxe russe hors frontières. Cet Acte devra être signé l’an prochain par les primats des deux Eglises, rétablissant ainsi la communion eucharistique entre les deux parties de l’Orthodoxie russe.

"On ne peut que se réjouir et remercier le Seigneur qui a rendu possible ces efforts de réconciliations. On doit rendre hommage aux hiérarques qui ont initié, d’abord des contacts fraternels, et ensuite un rapprochement rétablissant la communion eucharistique, sur des fondements de respect mutuel, et de reconnaissance des spécificités de chacun", note le communiqué signé par Séraphin Rehbinder, président de l’OLTR.

Le communiqué fait remarquer que "beaucoup de formulations utilisées dans cet acte figuraient déjà dans le projet de statuts de la Métropole unie, que le regretté Monseigneur Serge (Konovaloff) avaient discuté, en son temps, avec le Patriarcat de Moscou". Mgr Serge a présidé jusqu’à il y a quelques années l’Exarchat des paroisses orthodoxes russes d’Europe occidentale (Patriarcat de Constantinople).

Le président de l’OLTR, lui-même membre de l’Exarchat, conclut qu’ "on peut dès lors regretter que l’Archevêché des églises orthodoxes russes ait choisi de ne pas s’intéresser à ce processus et de manifester un rejet a priori des propositions du Patriarche Alexis, malgré le vif espoir qu’elles ont suscité chez beaucoup de ses membres... C’est pourtant à partir de telles démarches de confiance entre chrétiens et de réconciliation, que l’on peut avancer sur le chemin, encore plus difficile, de la réunion de tous les orthodoxes vivant sur un même territoire."


Barbara Hallensleben: Kirchliche Communio im Zeichen der Schwesterkirchen (I)

Die Bezeichnung „Schwesterkirchen“ hat in den letzten Jahren einen bevorzugten Platz im ökumenischen Dialog gefunden. Sie weckt Hoffnungen auf ein Verständnis kirchlicher Einheit, das in einer le­bendigen Communio gleichrangiger Ortskirchen gründet, in denen die Vielfalt der Gaben des Heiligen Geistes zur Geltung kommt. Die Rede von Schwesterkirchen knüpft an das biblische Selbstverständ­nis der Gemeinden an. Es grüßen dich die Kinder deiner auserwählten Schwester – so schließt der 2. Johannesbrief. Paulus schreibt an sol­che Schwesterkirchen, wenn er seine Briefe an die Kirche Gottes, die in Korinth ist (1 Kor 1,2), richtet, an die Kirchen in Galatien (Gal 1,2), an die Kirche von Thessalonich (1 Thess 1,1). Der biblische Kontext zeigt, dass es sich nicht um eine diplomatische Floskel un­verbindlicher Höflichkeiten handelt. Das unterstreicht die „Note über den Ausdruck Schwesterkirchen“der Glaubenskongregation vom 30. Juni 2000, die angesichts der kurz darauf erschienenen Er­klärung Dominus Iesus der Glaubenskongregation (6. August 2000) leider in den Hintergrund trat. Die kurze „Note“ gibt in ihrem ersten Teil einen geschichtlichen Überblick zu „Ursprung und Ent­wicklung des Ausdrucks“. Dabei wird unmissverständlich formu­liert, „dass der Ausdruck Schwesterkirchen im eigentlichen Sinne – wie die gemeinsame Tradition in Ost und West bezeugt – ausschließlich auf jene kirchlichen Gemeinschaften angewandt werden kann, die einen gültigen Episkopat und eine gültige Eucharistie bewahrt haben.“

Dennoch kann nicht ohne weiteres von einer orthodox-katholischen Einigung die Rede sein. Anlässlich der Verleihung des Ehren­dokto­rates der Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Frei­burg/Schweiz sagte Prof. Boris Bobrinskoy, Dekan des Orthodoxen Theologischen Instituts St. Serge in Paris, im Jahr 2000, wir sollten uns zunächst damit zufrieden geben, Cousinen zu sein. Der Briefwechsel zwischen Damaskinos Papandreou, damals Metropolit des Ökumenischen Patriar­chats für die Schweiz, und Joseph Kardinal Ratzinger, zu die­ser Zeit Prä­fekt der Glaubenskongregation, aus den Jah­ren 2000/01 macht deut­lich, dass der Ausdruck Schwesterkirchen auf Zurück­haltung stößt. Schwester-sein bedeutet volle Gegenseitig­keit. Ist dies er­reicht?

1. Schwesterkirchen warden

a. Die Ökumenische Bewegung als Wiederentdeckung der Schwester­kirchen

Die westliche Christenheit ist seit dem 16. Jahrhundert geprägt von der Reformation und ihren Folgen. In der Nachreformationszeit war die römisch-katholische Kirche bestrebt, als eine und einheitli­che Größe allen anderen Kirchen und kirchlichen Gemeinschaften gegenüber aufzutreten und jeden Plural sorgsam von sich fernzuhal­ten. Diesem antiprotestantischen Zentralismus der katholischen Kir­che nach dem Trienter Konzil korrespondierte die antikatholische Zersplitterung der reformatorischen Bewegung. „Katholisch“ schien nun die Bezeichnung einer Konfession neben anderen und gegen andere Konfessionen zu sein. Die Katholizität des Glaubensbe­kenntnisses, die die eine Kirche Jesu Christi in einem weltweiten Horizont sprachlicher, kultureller, liturgischer und theologischer Vielfalt auszuprägen vermag, verlor an Reichtum.

Die Ökumenische Bewegung der Westkirche des 19./20. Jahrhun­derts korrigierte diese Entwicklung. Nicht zufällig mag diese Bewe­gung im nicht-katholischen Bereich stärker und drängender gewesen sein, wurde doch hier die Begrenztheit einzelner Lokalkirchen deut­licher als Mangel wahrgenommen als in der katholischen Kirche, die im I. Vatikanum erneut ihre weltkirchliche „katholische“ Gestalt be­kräftigt hatte. In der Ökumenischen Bewegung begann das Bild der Schwesterkirchen mehr und mehr lebendige Erfahrung zu werden. So beschreibt der anglikanische Bischof Walter Fryre 1927 die Be­gegnung mit der russischen orthodoxen Kirche in der „Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius“:

„Die orthodoxe und die anglikanische Kirche gleichen zwei leiblichen Schwestern, die von früher Kindheit an in verschiedenen, weit von­einander entfernten Städten lebten und einander völlig vergessen hat­ten; jetzt aber sind sie einander begegnet, haben sich als leibliche Schwestern wiedererkannt und sich miteinander verbunden mit der ganzen Kraft der Liebe aufgrund der Geburt.“

b. Teilkirchen als Schwesterkirchen. Das II. Vatikanische Konzil als ekklesiologische Umorientierung

Im Bereich der katholischen Kirchen fand das Umdenken im II. Vatikanischen Konzil einen Höhepunkt und einen neuen Anstoß. Das Konzil griff den Ausdruck Schwesterkirchen neu auf für die Orts­kirchen, in denen die gläubige Gemeinde mit ihrem Bischof das Evangelium verkündigt und die Sakramente feiert: „Mit Freude möchte die Heilige Synode neben anderen sehr bedeut­samen Dingen allen die Tatsache in Erinnerung rufen, dass im Orient viele Teilkirchen oder Ortskirchen bestehen, unter denen die Patriar­chalkirchen den ersten Rang einnehmen und von denen nicht wenige sich ihres apostolischen Ursprungs rühmen. Deshalb stehen bei den Orientalen bis auf den heutigen Tag der Eifer und die Sorge im Vor­dergrund, jene brüderlichen Bande der Gemeinschaft im Glauben und in der Liebe zu bewahren, die zwischen Lokalkirchen als Schwester­kirchen bestehen müssen.“

Das Konzil scheint in der zitierten Stelle die Rede von Schwester­kirchen nur auf die Ostkirchen in ihrem Verhältnis untereinander zu beziehen. Die Dogmatische Konstitution über die Kirche Lumen Gentium verwendet jedoch einen anderen Begriff weitgehend gleich­bedeutend mit dem der Schwesterkirchen: den Ausdruck „Teilkir­che“ (Ecclesia particularis). Das Konzil versteht darunter die im Glauben und in der Feier der Sakramente um den Bischof geeinte Diözesankirche. Von den Teilkirchen kann, ja muss im Plural ge­sprochen werden: „In ihnen und aus ihnen besteht die eine und ein­zige katholische Kirche“. Die vielen Teilkirchen, die je an ihrem Ort das Geheimnis Christi feiern und dem Heil der Menschen die­nen, sind also nicht unvollständige und unselbständige „Teile“ der Kirche Jesu Christi, sondern deren vollgültige Verwirklichung. Die Ausdrücke Teilkirche, Orts- oder Lokalkirche und Schwesterkirche ha­ben in dieser Hinsicht die gleiche Bedeutung. Die katholische Kirche stellt sich im II. Vatikanum als eine Gemeinschaft von Schwester­kirchen dar. Wir treten in die Communio der katholischen Kirche ein als Kirche von Wien, als Kirche von Lausanne-Genève-Fribourg, als Kirche von Buenos Aires, als Kirche von Jerusalem, als Kirche von Minsk, als Kirche von Rom ...

Die Nähe zum ostkirchli­chen Verständnis ist nicht nur Frucht, sondern auch Ursprung dieser Entwicklung. Viele katholische Weg­bereiter des II. Vatika­nischen Konzils griffen Anregungen der or­thodoxen Ekklesiologie auf, vor allem von den russischen Emigran­ten, die im Institut St. Serge in Paris wirkten. Als Papst Paul VI. entgegen dem Jahrhun­derte alten Protokoll und Selbstbewusstsein päpstlicher Hoheit den ersten Schritt tat und am 25. Juli 1967 dem Patriarchen der Schwes­terkirche in Konstantinopel einen Besuch ab­stattete, bekundete er in seinem Breve Anno Ineunte den Willen, alles zu unternehmen, um „die volle Gemeinschaft zwischen der Kirche des Westens und der Kirche des Ostens wiederherzustellen“, und formuliert dann: „In jeder Ortskirche ereignet sich dieses Geheimnis der göttlichen Lie­be; liegt nicht hier der Ursprung jenes traditionellen Ausdruckes, mit dem sich die Kirchen verschiedener Orte untereinander als Schwestern zu be­zeichnen begannen? Unsere Kirchen haben über Jahrhunderte als Schwestern gelebt, gemeinsam die ökumenischen Konzilien gefeiert und das Glaubensgut gegen jede Abweichung ver­teidigt. Nach einer langen Zeit der Spaltung und des fehlenden gegen­seitigen Verständ­nisses gibt uns jetzt der Herr trotz der Schwierigkei­ten, die in der ver­gangenen Zeit unter uns entstanden sind, die Mög­lichkeit, dass wir uns als Schwesterkirchen wieder entdecken.“

Von diesem Zeitpunkt an wird auf katholischer Seite die Bezeich­nung Schwesterkirchen zum Ausdruck dafür, dass die orthodoxen Kirchen als „Teilkirchen“, d.h. als authentische Verwirklichung der Kirche Jesu Christi, anerkannt werden. Im Zeichen der Schwester­kirchen wird nach dem angemessenen sichtbaren Ausdruck der Communio gesucht. Die „Note“ führt mehrere Äußerungen von Papst Johannes Paul II. an, der ökumenische Hoffnungen auf die Theologie der Schwesterkirchen setzt. So heißt es in der En­zyklika Ut unum sint: „Vor kurzem hat die gemischte internationale Kommission in der so heiklen Frage der Methode, die bei der Suche nach der vollen Gemein­schaft zwischen der katholischen Kirche und der orthodoxen Kirche befolgt werden sollte, einer Frage, die oft die Beziehungen zwischen Katholiken und Orthodoxen verschlechtert hat, einen bedeutsamen Schritt vollzogen. Sie hat die lehrmäßigen Grundlagen für eine posi­tive Lösung des Problems gelegt, die sich auf die Lehre von den Schwesterkirchen stützen.“

Dominus Iesus bekräftigt, dass von Teilkirchen als Schwesterkirchen auch dort gesprochen werden kann, wo die Communio mit dem Bi­schof von Rom nicht besteht: „Die Kirchen, die zwar nicht in vollkommener Gemeinschaft mit der katholischen Kirche stehen, aber durch engste Bande, wie die apostoli­sche Sukzession und die gültige Eucharistie, mit ihr verbunden blei­ben, sind echte Teilkirchen. Deshalb ist die Kirche Christi auch in diesen Kirchen gegenwärtig und wirksam, obwohl ihnen die volle Ge­meinschaft mit der katholischen Kirche fehlt, insofern sie die katho­lische Lehre vom Primat nicht annehmen“.

Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 53 [2006] 1/2. Forsetzung folgt.


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