Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia: The Russian Church, which has several dioceses, hundreds of parishes and millions of believers on the territory of the European Union, is taking an active part in the creation of the new face of our continent. It is the task of our Church to remind Europe of its Christian roots, to resist the attack of aggressive secularism, and to defend traditional values. An active role in the realization of this noble task is fulfilled by the Representation of the Moscow Patriarchate to the European Institutions. May 17, 2008
Russian Orthodox Church representation to the European Institutions
Russian Orthodox Church
Representation to the European Institutions


Eglise Orthodoxe Russe
Représentation près les Institutions Européennes
Russian Orthodox Church representation to the European Institutions


  Events

President Vladimir Putin Visits the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Russian President V. Putin visits
Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna

Russian President Visits Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
Russian President V. Putin visits
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral

Visit of Her Majesty Queen Paola of Belgium to the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Queen Paola of the Belgians
visited Church Representation
in Brussels

European Commission President J.M.Barroso and Austrian Chancellor W.Schussel Meet with Religious Leaders
European Commission
President J.M.Barroso
and Austrian Chancellor
W.Schussel Meet with
Religious Leaders

The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation M. E. Fradkov Visits the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Budapest
Russian Prime Minister
M.Fradkov visited
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
  
The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation M. M. Kasyanov Visited the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Budapest
Russian Prime Minister
M.Kasyanov visited
Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
   
Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Visited the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Russian Foreign Minister
visited Church Representation
in Brussels


Russian Foreign Minister Visited Hungarian Orthodox Cathedral
Russian Foreign Minister
visited Hungarian
Orthodox Cathedral

Austrian Parliament President visited Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Austrian Parliament President
visited Orthodox Cathedral
in Vienna

  

The Archbishop of Vienna, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, visited the St Nicholas Cathedral in Vienna
Cardinal Christoph Schönborn
visited Russian Orthodox
Cathedral in Vienna
 

The Primate of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Visited the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions
Archbishop of Finland visited
Church Representation
in Brussels
 

Consecration of the Patriarchal Church of the Holy Trinity and Premises of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in Brussels
Consecration of the
Holy Trinity Church in Brussels

Archbishop of Salzburg visited Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Vienna
Archbishop of Salzburg
visited Russian Orthodox
Cathedral in Vienna

Metropolitan Kirill visited Hungary
Metropolitan Kirill
visited Hungary

Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Visits the Diocese of Vienna and Austria
Metropolitan Kirill 
visited Austria

 
  News archive
  

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No 131 (November 24, 2007)

In English:
Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad: Orthodox Church May Set Up Alliance with Catholics
Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev: The Ecclesiastical Models of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church are Essentially Different
The Orthodox World Is Reconfigured According to the Political Events

En français:
Evêque Hilarion Alfeyev: Le modèle ecclésiologique de l'Eglise orthodoxe est fondamentalement différent du modèle catholique romain
Le colloque "Vers une doctrine sociale commune des chrétiens" s'est déroulé à Paris
Le métropolite Cyrille a rencontré des représentants de la communauté juive de Paris

Auf Deutsch:
Österreich und Russland im Dialog: Über die Religion (I)


Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad: Orthodox Church May Set Up Alliance with Catholics

The Moscow Patriarchate has noticed the intensification of its contacts with the Catholics during Pope Benedict XVI's pontificate and suggested that alliance between the two churches could theoretically be set up in the future.

“After Benedict XVI was elected pope and declared the development of dialogue with the Orthodox Church among the priorities of his pontificate, bilateral relations between our churches have noticeably enlivened,” Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad, the head of the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations, said in a report he presented at an inter-religious conference in Naples.

Both the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches “understand more clearly today than they have ever done before the importance of their joint testimony to the secular world about Christian values, which this world is trying to marginalize,” Metropolitan Kirill said.

He noted that the proposal to set up a Catholic-Orthodox alliance produced mixed reaction in the Protestant world. However, he said, this proposal is based on the objective tendency towards deeper cooperation between Catholics and Orthodox and does not presuppose an alliance “against someone.” “As regards the so-called alliance, I do not think that we should talk about some inter-Christian organization today, although it would be wrong to absolutely rule out the establishment of such an organization,” Metropolitan Kirill said.

Under the word “alliance”, he specified, one may understand “the possibility of a more coordinated and structured interaction between the Churches, primarily in their relations with the secular world and non-Christian religions. For a successful dialogue with the others there should be from the very outset a higher level of agreement among Churches and Christian communities than the one that exists today in the framework of the ecumenical dialogue.” For example, according to Metropolitan Kirill, it is unlikely that the full-scale dialogue between Christians and Muslims which is so necessary today will be successful “while deep contradictions remain among Christians in the sphere of anthropology and ethics.”

The doors of such an alliance between the Orthodox and Catholic believers “cannot be categorically closed to our Protestant brothers,” Metropolitan Kirill said.

Sources: Interfax, mospat.ru


Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev: The Ecclesiastical Models of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church are Essentially Different

The 10th meeting of the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches recently ended its plenary assembly held in Ravenna, Italy. The delegation of the Moscow Patriarchate withdrew from the meeting in protest against the participation in the event of members of the so-called Estonian Apostolic Church, a Church set up by the Constantinople Patriarchate in 1996 in Estonia, which the Moscow church considers part of its territory. This drew strong criticism from Constantinople.

One critical issue of the meeting was a discussion of primacy in the Universal Church and final study of the document entitled The Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences of the Sacramental Nature of the Church which was addressed by the participants of the dialogue at the meeting held in Belgrade in September 2006. The meeting raised a controversy over the wording contained in one paragraph of the document relative to the authority of Ecumenical Councils, in particular, parallelism of “communion with Rome” for the Local Churches in the West and “communion with Constantinople” for the Orthodox Churches. This parallelism was strongly opposed by the delegation of the Moscow Patriarchate.

In his interview with the Interfax, the Russian Orthodox Church representative to the European international organizations Bishop Hilarion of Vienna and Austria discussed the issues of who was responsible for the derailed meeting in Ravenna and why Constantinople was interested to address the primacy in the Orthodox world.

Your Eminence, Metropolitan John of Pergamon [of the Patriarchate of Constantinople] accused the Russian Orthodox Church of authoritarianism after its decision to walk out of the meeting in Ravenna. What was your reaction to his words?

Metropolitan John of Pergamon as co-president of the joint commission for Orthodox-Catholic dialogue is responsible for derailing the dialogue. His comments and the final text of the document work on which has finished in Ravenna without the participation of the Moscow Patriarchate may produce the impression that Patriarchate of Constantinople deliberately pushed the Moscow Patriarchate to withdraw from the dialogue so that decisions should be passed that would have been impossible with the participation of the Moscow Patriarchate.

What do you mean in particular?

As an example I may give Paragraph 39 of the document which states that convening Ecumenical Council in the strict sense of this word became impossible after the schism between the East and the West in the 11th century, however, “both Churches continued to hold councils whenever serious crises arose. These councils gathered together the bishops of local Churches in communion with the See of Rome or, although understood in a different way, with the See of Constantinople, respectively”. Back at the Belgrade meeting of the Joint International Commission in 2006, I raised several critical objections to this issue. According to the Orthodox tradition, communion with the See of Constantinople is not considered a prerequisite of unity to the same extend as “communion with the See of Rome” is considered a prerequisite for Western Churches.

The ecclesiastical models of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church are essentially different, and the Patriarch of Constantinople has never played the same role as the bishop of Rome plays in the Catholic Church. One criterion of collegiality in the Orthodox Church has always been Eucharistic and canonical communion between Local Churches, and not just communion with the See of Constantinople. Besides, in certain historic periods one or another Local Church had no communion with the See of Constantinople, and that did not affect its full collegiality. In particular, the Russian Church suspended de facto its communion with Constantinople after the Council of Florence in the 15th century when the Patriarch of Constantinople signed the union with Rome. However, it continued to be in communion with other Local Churches.

In Belgrade, the update of the document was entrusted to the editorial committee of the Joint International Commission. In February 2007, the Committee proposed the wording which could satisfy the Moscow Patriarchate. However, the Patriarchate of Constantinople objected to this wording, since it did not mention “communion with the See of Constantinople”. In the absence of the Moscow Patriarchate representatives the version of the editorial committee was rejected, and the text objected by the Russian Church was included back into the final document.

Why is Constantinople so interested in discussing the primacy in the Church which actually turns into imposing the Patriarchate of Constantinople as the “Eastern Pope”?

The Patriarchate of Constantinople is extremely interested in discussing the issue of primacy in the Universal Church, because within the framework of the Orthodox-Catholic dialogue it hopes to force Local Churches to interpret the primacy in a way that could extend its historical rights. Until now, Orthodox Churches have acknowledged only the primacy of honour of the Patriarch of Constantinople. However, Metropolitan John Zizioulas expresses in his interviews the point of view according to which the notion of “primacy of honour” is inconsistent with the Orthodox canon law.

Constantinople wants to force on us a model of church organization that has never existed in Orthodox tradition and that is closer to the centralized model existing in the Roman Catholic Church. In that model, the patriarch of Constantinople would have the role of the “Eastern pope”.

But will other Local Churches agree to that?

The next round of talks, to start in 2009, would show whether other Orthodox Churches would accept the alleged model. However, it is already clear that the absence of the Moscow Patriarchate will make the work to develop such a model much easier.



The Orthodox World Is Reconfigured According to the Political Events

by Antoine Arjakovsky

It is certain that the celebration of the millennium of the baptism of Rus’ in June 1988 and the resistance of the churches to Communist ideology triumphed over the CPSU and over the desire of certain reformers to return to the myth of the Leninist ideal. The meeting of Gorbachev and John Paul II on December 1, 1989 in the Vatican was proof of the accuracy of Berdyaev’s thesis on the sources of the religious foundation of Russian Communism. Conversely, the reconfiguration of the Orthodox churches was initiated by political upheavals, starting with the victory of the Solidarity trade union in June 1989 at the Polish parliamentary elections. After the collapse of the USSR in 1990, the Central European countries obtained their independence while the old socialist republics sought to become nation-states. Some other countries in the world, especially in Africa, obtained their independence. New heads of the churches were elected: Alexis II in Moscow and Bartholomew I in Constantinople (1991), and also Paul I in Belgrade (1990), and Peter VII in Alexandria. It was thought that the free churches would be able to conduct fraternal dialogue. The pre-conciliar meeting in Chambesy of 1990, then the assembly of the heads of all Orthodox churches in March 1992 in the Phanar, gave hopes in particular for the churches of the diaspora. In France the Inter-Episcopal Committee of Orthodox bishops created in 1967 became an assembly of Orthodox bishops in 1997. And in the United States the SCOBA created in 1960 also took on more importance. But the international context placed these badly prepared churches in the midst of a storm. Very quickly conflict erupted in the former Yugoslavia (between 1991 and 1995) and in the Chechen republic (1994-96, then again 2000).

The countries of Orthodox tradition obtained their independence or were separated into smaller states as in the former Yugoslavia, where war was declared between Serbs and Croatians in 1991. The heads of the churches wasted time coordinating with each other. It was only in February 1994, just a year before the agreements of Dayton on Bosnia-Herzegovina, that the Bosporus declaration was published. (It was renewed in 2005 two years after the start of the war by the American coalition in Iraq). Patriarch Bartholomew gathered together in Constantinople many leaders of the three great monotheistic traditions, especially from Southeastern Europe. They denounced the crimes against humanity committed in Bosnia and the nationalist use of religion. Paul, the Patriarch of Serbia, also declared: “If the price of the crime is not a large but small Serbia, I would not accept it either.” The forces of NATO however would have to intervene in Serbia in the spring 1999 and to install the KFOR in Kosovo in order to avoid a new conflict. The churches during this conflict were forced to make the distinction between people, territories and identities. Indeed certain Orthodox populations were, as in Kosovo, in minority situation in territories which were regarded as Orthodox, and were not able to assert their rights.

But the Orthodox Churches would also have to fight against the evil of phyletism. The Orthodox Church of Georgia was swept over by a wave of nationalism from the very beginning of 1990’s, following the tensions maintained by Moscow, which shattered unity even within the country between the populations of Ossetia, Ajaria and Abkhazia. In a parallel manner, certain churches born by these geopolitical upheavals did not manage to be recognized. I mean in particular the Orthodox Church of Macedonia. On the other hand, other Churches were recognized immediately, like the Orthodox Church of Albania. Certain conflicts appeared between Orthodox Churches concerning the problem of the canonical territory as in Moldavia (between Moscow and Bucharest) or in Estonia (between Moscow and Constantinople), which for a few months between February and May 1996 caused a Eucharistic rupture. This tension between Moscow and Constantinople would be exacerbated as the Patriarchate of Moscow again wished to play an international role. In France a merciless conflict opposed the Patriarchate of Constantinople with the Patriarchate of Moscow concerning the issue of the church properties of the Russian emigration.

Certain churches, confronted because of their totalitarian past, were divided like the Bulgarian Church, while others on the contrary, threatened by many risks of schisms have quickly stopped self-criticism, like the Russian Church after 1994. Such self-criticism did not support the review of recruiting forced by Stalin in order to suppress the Byzantine Churches united with Rome. In Western Ukraine, since 1989-90 the Eastern Catholic Church recovered thousands of parishes that it possessed before the invasion of the USSR and its suppression by Stalin. This would be experienced as a shock by the Russian Church, which thought of itself as deserving recognition for having sheltered this church for more than 50 years. But the shock was transformed into traumatism when in Western Ukraine there appeared two other Orthodox churches, of the Kyiv patriarchate and the Autocephalous Church, which also disputed in a virulent way the right of the patriarchate of Moscow to control a great number of ecclesiastical properties which had been returned by the government in Ukraine. In other places in Europe, in particular in Slovakia and Romania, similar tensions appeared between the Greek Catholics and the Orthodox.

In Turkey and in Cyprus, the Christians persecuted by the Turkish authority do not have much more than a hope of survival once Turkey is integrated within the European Union (the official negotiations on this issue began in 2005), and it will be controlled by the Declaration of Human Rights. The Churches of the Greek tradition, as in Jerusalem and Alexandria, were not inculturated enough, despite all efforts of such a great hierarch as Anastassios Yannoulatos, to be able to hold a profound dialogue with Islam. After the failure of the Israel-Palestinian negotiations, violence began again in October 2000. This caused a new conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in southern Lebanon in July-August
2006.

The Orthodox churches set up new relations with the post-Communist states. Usually they obtained a privileged status in comparison with the other confessions and were successful in limiting the rights of the non-traditional religions, as in Russia in 1997. In July 2001, the former king of Bulgaria, Simeon of Saxony-Cobourg, became the Prime Minister and made a point of taking the oath of office in the presence of Patriarch Maxim, thus inaugurating new relations between the state and the Orthodox Church. The Bulgarian President, George Parvanov, also took the oath in January in the presence of the Patriarch.

On the other hand, in Greece, Orthodoxy, which is the official state religion, is more and more the object of scandal and dispute, in particular because of its integration within the European Union. Moreover, corruption scandals have scarred the Greek Church since 2005. Similar corruption scandals involving the hierarchy and other church officials emerged the same year within the Church of Jerusalem and in 2006 within the OCA. The failure of the adoption of the European Constitution, however, will not prevent the European Commission from consulting the Orthodox churches in a more systematic way. Taking into consideration the entry in 2007 of Romania and Bulgaria into the European institutions and the surge of immigrants from Eastern European countries in Western Europe, they will number tens of million of faithful.

New places and institutions appeared in the Orthodox world in the wake of this political and international reconfiguration. In Moscow between 1994 and 2000 the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was rebuilt. New brotherhoods, sisterhoods, and missionary institutions emerged such as the Institute of Saint Tikhon and the Institute of Saint Andrew. A number of publishing houses, reviews and publications also have appeared such as Alfa and Omega, Tserkov i Vremia, Stranitsy, Moskovskiy Tserkovny Vestnik, Nezavisimaya Gazeta-Religii. In Kyiv the Theological Academy reopened, and the European Center for Humanitarian Sciences at the Mohyla Academy created its own publishing house Duh i Litera. Petro Zouyev created also a Museum of Orthodox Martyrs and an Orthodox Institute. In Minsk the Theological Institute of Saints Methodius and Cyril opened its doors again under the influence of Metropolitan Filaret and the direction of Dr. G. Dovguiallo. In Byalistok a dynamic Orthodox youth movement established and sheltered for some time the Syndesmos association. In Tirana a church rises again from its ashes in particular due to the impulse of its new youth movement. Romania counts an incalculable number of monasteries and sketes to which monastic vocations once again stream. Everywhere, from Saint Petersburg to Sofia and Belgrade, the theological academies are filled with seminarians. In France, which always profits from the presence of such institutions as Orthodox Brotherhood or ACER-MJO, there appear such new associations and publishers as the Burning Bush and Salt of the Earth created by Maxim Egger. In Lebanon the Orthodox Theological Institute of Balamand plays a significant role in the diffusion of Orthodox thought among the Arabic-speaking population.

On the intellectual scene, the impression which prevails is a certain decay of Orthodox thought. In Russia we can watch that the majority of such thinkers as Valentin Asmus take the position of traditionalists – they are radically anti-“modernist” and anti-ecumenical. However, a significant rediscovery of the patristic and liturgical tradition is also occurring. Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev holds doctoral degrees from Oxford and Paris. He was consecrated bishop of Podolsk, has subsequently become bishop of Vienna and Austria, and serves in Brussels as Russian Orthodox representative to the European institutions. A member of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches, he is also active, together with Sergius Hovorun and Ihor Vyzhanov, in Orthodox-Catholic conversations. In his book, Orthodox Witness Today, published in 2006, he writes that Orthodox Christians “must be able not only to criticize others, but also to be self-critical” (Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev, Orthodox Witness Today, Geneva, WCC, 2006, p. 4). Such independent institutes in Moscow as the Museum of the Russian Emigration, the parish Saints Cosma and Damian or the Institute of Saint Philaret diffuse the more open theological thought of the Russian emigration. The new Orthodox Encyclopedia (under the direction of Serguei Kravets) is a good example of this renewal. In Arkhangelsk Ioann Pryvalov has organised many spiritual and cultural events, and in Saint Petersburg Vladimir Fiodorov is very involved in ecumenical and social work.

In Lebanon theologians such as Tarek Mitri and Michel Nseir, marked by the successive wars and the reunion which took place between Christians for common charity work, are regarded as ecumenical and pro-Arab. In Cyprus bishop Basil of Trimithus, moderator of the Faith and Order Commission of the WCC, is also one of the leading theologian of his Church.

In America, a new generation of thinkers is appearing on the scene (John Behr, Peter Bouteneff, Paul Meyendorff, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Chrysostom Nassis, David Hart, Vigen Guroian, John Jillions, Anthony Ugolnik, Anton C. Vrame), following the example of Archbishop Demetrios, Primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, Archbishop Dimitrios of Xanthos, Bishop Serafim Sigrist, Archbishop Vsevolod Maidanski, Bishop Anthony Scharba, Emmanuel Clapsis, John Break, Michael Plekon, Michael Meerson, Thomas Hopko, Leonid Kishkovsky, Dimitri Pospielovsky, Tristram Engelhardt Jr., John Erickson, Paul N. Tarazi, Thomas FitzGerald, John Chryssavgis. They feel freer with regards to the patristic Tradition than their predecessors Archbishop Iakovos, Jaroslav Pelikan, John Meyendorff or Alexander Schmemann.

In Europe, in addition to the previous and still very creative generation (Metropolitan Athanasios (Jevtic) of Hercegovina, Bishop Basil of Sergievo, Boris Bobrinskoy, André Borrély, O. Clément,195 Placide Deseille, Michel Evdokimov, Denis Guillaume, Bishop Kallistos Ware, John Breck, Dimitri Popescu, Todor Sabev, Annick de Souzenelle, Nikita Struve, Jacques Touraille, George Tsetsis, Christos Yannaras, Metropolitan John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon, Metropolitan Jérémie (Kaligeorgis) of Switzerland), we must add among a great variety of different Orthodox thinkers the names of Alexander Belopopsky, Hildo Bos, Costas Carras, Christine Chaillot, Jean-François Colosimo, Gilian Crow, Christophe d’Aloisio, John Dragas, Maxime Egger, Vlassios Fidas, Jim Forest, Metropolitan Gennadios (Limouris) of Sassima, Job Getcha, Bishop Joachim Giosanu, Grigorios Larentzakis, Tamara Grzelidze, Heikki Huttunen, Viorel Ionita, Metropolitan Joseph (Pop), Anastasios Kallis, Pantelis Kalaitzides, Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Jean-Claude Larchet, Christophe Levalois, Nicholas Lossky, Mihail Neamtu, Jamie Moran, Iulian Nistea, Antoine Nivière, Thanasis Papathanasiou, Grégoire Papathomas, Constantine Patelos, Yannick Provost, Ioan Sauca, Constantine Sigov, Plamen Sivov, Michel Sollogoub, Sergius Sollogoub, Michel and Sophie Stavrou, Basile Thermos, Petros Vassiliadis, Bertrand Vergely, Tatiana Victoroff, Andrew Walker, Vladimir Ziélinsky, etc.

Petros Vassiliadis is a professor of New Testament at the theological faculty of the University of Thessaloniki, Greece. He is representative of a new generation of Orthodox thinkers. He writes in 1998 in his preface of Eucharist and Witness: “I belong to the new generation of Orthodox theologians, who, like our great predecessors, are fervent about the ecumenical imperative. Unlike most of the Orthodox who are seriously engaged in the ecumenical dialogue, I do not feel obliged to defend our traditional viewpoint. Rather, I envisage a common understanding of our common witness, one that both respects the church’s great tradition and takes into account current ecumenical concerns” (Petros Vassiliadis, Eucharist and Witness, Orthodox Perspectives on the Unity and Mission of the Church, Geneva, WCC, 1998, p. viii).

These intellectuals have a greater ecumenical experience and a greater realism with regard to Orthodox institutions than their predecessors. And especially due to the many improvements in theological education, with the profound reflections accomplished by the preceding generation, and with the globalized media context, Orthodox theological thought has been democratized, deconfessionalized and widened. Thus we can see more women theologians (Lydia d’Aloisio, Dimitra Koukoura, Valerie Karras, sister Magdalen of Maldon, Elisabeth Prodromou, Elisabeth Theokritoff). In certain disciplines like exegesis or the history of the Church, we find fewer and less denominational lines of division between Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant theologians. In addition, the diasporas of the second or third generation started to train great theologians who entered the dialogue with the theologians not only of their culture of origin but also with the theologians of other confessions of their respective countries. Finally, due to the Internet, one can find furthermore Web sites with personal blogs, which testify to the democratization of the Orthodox thought.

From the book: Antoine Arjakovsky. Church, Culture, and Identity: Reflections on Orthodoxy in the Modern World. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press 2007.


Evêque Hilarion Alfeyev: Le modèle ecclésiologique de l'Eglise orthodoxe est fondamentalement différent du modèle catholique romain

La dixième session de la commission mixte pour le dialogue théologique orthodoxe-catholique s’est récemment terminée à Ravenne (Italie). La délégation du Patriarcat de Moscou a quitté la session en signe de protestation contre la participation aux travaux de la commission de représentants de l’"Église estonienne apostolique", créée en 1996 par le Patriarcat de Constantinople sur le territoire canonique du Patriarcat de Moscou. Ce geste a provoqué de vives critiques de la part de Constantinople.

L'un des principaux sujets de discussion était le problème de la primauté dans l'Eglise universelle et la rédaction finale du document "Conséquences ecclésiologiques et canoniques de la nature sacramentelle de l'Eglise", qui avait été examiné par les participants au dialogue au cours de la rencontre organisée à Belgrade en septembre 2006. Un désaccord avait alors été provoqué par la formulation utilisée dans un paragraphe consacré à l'autorité des conciles oecuméniques et plus particulièrement au parallélisme entre la "communion avec Rome" pour les Eglises locales d'Occident et la "communion avec Constantinople" pour les Eglises orthodoxes, formulation à laquelle les représentants russes s'étaient vivement opposés.

Dans son entretien avec Interfax, l’évêque Hilarion de Vienne et d'Autriche, représentant de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe auprès des organisations internationales européennes, discute de la responsabilité de l'échec de la rencontre de Ravenne et des raisons pour lesquelles Constantinople s'intéresse au problème de la primauté dans le monde orthodoxe.

Monseigneur, récemment le métropolite Jean de Pergame (Patriarcat de Constantinople), en réponse à la décision de l'Eglise russe de quitter la rencontre de Ravenne, l'a accusée d'autoritarisme. Comment avez-vous réagi à sa déclaration? 

Le métropolite Jean de Pergame, en tant que coprésident de la commission mixte pour le dialogue orthodoxe-catholique, porte la responsabilité de la rupture du dialogue. Ses commentaires ainsi que le texte final du document finalisé à Ravenne sans la participation du Patriarcat de Moscou peuvent même donner l'impression que le patriarcat de Constantinople a délibérément poussé le Patriarcat de Moscou à quitter le dialogue, pour pouvoir prendre des décisions qui auraient été impossibles avec la participation du Patriarcat de Moscou.

De quoi s'agit-il plus précisément? 

On peut citer comme exemple le 39° paragraphe du document, qui dit qu'après la rupture entre l'Occident et l'Orient au XI° siècle, la convocation d'un "concile oecuménique" au sens strict du terme est devenue impossible, mais que cependant "les deux Eglises continuaient à convoquer des conciles dans les moments de crise grave. A ces conciles participaient les évêques des Eglises locales qui se trouvaient en communion avec le siège de Rome, et de façon similaire, même si cela était compris d'une manière différente, les évêques des Eglises locales qui se trouvaient en communion avec le siège de Constantinople." Déjà, à la session de la commission mixte à Belgrade en 2006, j'avais émis une série d'objections de principe à ce sujet. Dans la tradition orthodoxe, la communion avec le siège de Constantinople n'a jamais été perçue comme une condition obligatoire de catholicité à la façon dont l'était, pour les Eglises d'Occident, la communion avec le siège de Rome.

Le modèle ecclésiologique de l'Eglise orthodoxe est fondamentalement différent du modèle catholique romain, et le patriarche de Constantinople n'a jamais joué dans l'Eglise orthodoxe le rôle que joue l'évêque de Rome dans l'Eglise catholique. Le critère de catholicité dans l'Eglise orthodoxe a toujours consisté dans la communion eucharistique et canonique des Eglises locales entre elles, et non pas dans la seule communion avec le siège de Constantinople. De plus, il y a eu des périodes dans l'histoire où l'une ou l'autre des Eglises locales ne se trouvait plus en communion avec le siège de Constantinople, sans pour autant perdre la plénitude de sa catholicité. En particulier, au milieu du XV° siècle, après le concile de Ferrare-Florence, quand le patriarche de Constantinople a signé l'union avec Rome, l'Eglise de Russie a cessé de facto d'être en communion avec Constantinople, tout en restant néanmoins en communion avec les autres Eglises locales. 

A Belgrade, la rédaction finale du texte avait été confiée au comité de rédaction de la commission mixte. En février 2007, le comité de rédaction a proposé une formulation qui était acceptable pour le Patriarcat de Moscou. Cependant, cette formulation ne satisfaisait pas le Patriarcat de Constantinople, puisque le texte ne faisait plus référence à la "communion avec le siège de Constantinople". En l'absence de la délégation du Patriarcat de Moscou, la version du comité de rédaction a été rejetée, et le texte contre lequel s'était élevée l'Eglise russe a été à nouveau inséré dans le document final. 

Pourquoi le Patriarcat de Constantinople s'intéresse-t-il tant au problème du primat dans l'Eglise, ce qui en pratique conduit à imposer le patriarche de Constantinople comme "pape d'Orient"? 

Le Patriarcat de Constantinople s'intéresse beaucoup à la discussion du problème du primat dans l'Eglise universelle, puisqu'il espère, dans le cadre du dialogue orthodoxe-catholique, obtenir des Eglises locales orthodoxes une conception du primat qui élargirait ses droits historiques. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, les Eglises orthodoxes reconnaissaient au Patriarcat de Constantinople uniquement une primauté d'honneur. Cependant, le métropolite Jean a émis dans une interview l'opinion selon laquelle le concept de "primauté d'honneur" ne correspond pas aux canons orthodoxes. 

Constantinople veut nous imposer un modèle ecclésiologique qui n'a jamais existé dans la tradition orthodoxe, et qui est plus proche du modèle centralisateur de l'Eglise catholique romaine. Dans un tel modèle, le rôle de "pape d'Orient" serait joué par le patriarche de Constantinople. 

Mais les autres Eglises locales seront-elles d'accord? 

La question de savoir si les autres Eglises locales accepteront le nouveau modèle imposé par le Patriarcat de Constantinople au moyen du dialogue orthodoxe-catholique trouvera sa réponse à l'issue de la prochaine étape du dialogue, qui commencera en 2009. Mais il est clair dès aujourd'hui que l'absence du Patriarcat de Moscou facilitera beaucoup la mise au point d'un tel modèle.

Traduit du russe pour Orthodoxie.com


Le colloque "Vers une doctrine sociale commune des chrétiens" s'est déroulé à Paris

Le colloque "Vers une doctrine sociale commune des chrétiens" s'est déroulé à Paris, au Centre Sèvres, le lundi 12 novembre 207 à l'initiative des éditions du Cerf, des facultés jésuites de Paris, du centre "Istina" et du diocèse de Chersonèse du patriarcat de Moscou. Ce colloque se tenait à l'occasion de la parution en français des Fondements de la doctrine sociale de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe.

Le colloque fut ouvert par le cardinal Jean-Pierre Ricard, archevêque de Bordeaux et ancien président de la Conférence des évêques de France. Mgr Ricard a rappelé l'importance historique de la venue en France du patriarche Alexis de Moscou et a exprimé sa joie de voir que cette visite porte des fruits dans le dialogue entre les Eglises de France et de Russie.

Le père Michel Fédou, président du Centre Sèvres, et l'archevêque Innocent de Chersonèse, ordinaire des communautés russes en Europe occidentale, ont prononcé les discours d'introduction.

La position de l'Eglise catholique en matière de la doctrine sociale a été brillamment présentée par Mgr Roland Minnerath, membre de la Commission théologique internationale de l'Eglise catholique et de la Commission mixte catholique-orthodoxe de dialogue théologique. Mgr Minnerath a souligné que la doctrine sociale n'est pas un ajout superficiel à l'enseignement de l'Eglise, mais fait partie du message chrétien et de l'annonce de l'évangile. La doctrine sociale de l'Eglise est universelle, parce qu'elle est fondée sur le droit naturel. Elle présente donc une grande ouverture pour le dialogue avec les autres religions et les autres philosophies. Mgr Minnerath a souligné également le lien entre la liberté et l'éthique, en affirmant que sans la morale il ne peut y avoir de vraie liberté.

Le métropolite Cyrille de Smolensk et de Kaliningrad, président du département des relations extérieures du patriarcat de Moscou, a présenté un exposé intitulé "Vers une doctrine sociale commune des chrétiens: propositions orthodoxes". Le métropolite a appelé les chrétiens attachés à la tradition apostolique de chercher à élaborer une position unique sur toutes les questions actuelles de la société humaine. Pour lui, cette unanimité des chrétiens dans le domaine de la doctrine sociale permettra d'engager un véritable dialogue avec les autres religions et les personnes non croyantes.

Le père Hyacinthe Destivelle, directeur du Centre d'études "Istina" a présenté le contexte et la spécificité de la doctrine sociale de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe. Le père Jean-Yves Calvez, professeur au Centre Sèvres, a proposé une comparaison entre les positions sociales de l'Eglise catholiques et de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe.

Le colloque s'est terminé par une table ronde et un débat animé par Jean-François Colosimo, directeur des éditions du CNRS, avec la participation de Sophie de Ravinel du "Figaro" et de Jean-Luc Mouton de l'hebdomadaire protestant "Réforme".

Mgr André Lacrampe, archevêque de Besançon, Mgr Bernard-Nicolas Aubertin, archevêque de Tours, Mgr Olivier de Berranger, évêque de Saint-Denis, Mgr Emmanuel Laffont, évêque de Cayenne, Dom Philippe Dupont, abbé de Solesmes, Dom Philippe Piron, abbé de Kergonan et président de la Conférence monastique de France, ainsi que l'abbé de Silos (Espagne) ont participé au colloque avec de nombreux journalistes, professeurs d'université et fidèles chrétiens.


Le métropolite Cyrille a rencontré des représentants de la communauté juive de Paris

Le 13 novembre 2007, une rencontre a eu lieu à Paris entre le métropolite Cyrille de Smolensk et de Kaliningrad, président du département des relations extérieures du patriarcat de Moscou, et plusieurs représentants du monde juif de France. Un échange riche sur la situation présente et l'avenir du dialogue entre l'Eglise orthodoxe et les Juifs a eu lieu pendant cette rencontre fraternelle et informelle.

Le métropolite Cyrille a présenté la situation actuelle du dialogue judéo-chrétien en Russie, ainsi que l'activité du Conseil interreligieux de Russie qui réunit aujourd'hui des représentants du christianisme, du judaïsme, de l'islam et du bouddhisme. Mgr Cyrille a souligné les fruits que porte cette concertation entre les responsables des religions historiques traditionnelles de Russie pour la société russe. Il a parlé aussi des liens vivants qui existent aujourd'hui entre le grand rabbin d'Israël Yona Metzger et le patriarcat de Moscou.

"La Russie, a affirmé le métropolite Cyrille, est un pays multiethnique et multireligieux et elle doit le rester. Ce n'est qu'ainsi qu'elle sera un grand pays. Le nationalisme doit être banni de Russie, car il est synonyme de séparatisme". Mgr Cyrille a souligné le "mélange ethnique" qui caractérise la Russie: "Il n'y a pas de Russes purs: nous sommes issus de divers cultures et de divers origines ethniques". Ainsi, être nationaliste aujourd'hui en Russie, c'est "aller à l'encontre de la culture russe qui est née à la croisée de plusieurs civilisations".


Österreich und Russland im Dialog: Über die Religion (I)

Von Harald Loos und Anatoli Berditchevski

Harald: Tolja, in deiner Heimat spielte die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts eine wichtige Rolle im Leben der Menschen. Auch heute fahren viele Touristen aus aller Herren Länder nach Russland, um vor allem die wunderschönen Kirchen, Kathedralen und Klöster zu bewundern.

Aber die Rolle der Kirche in der Gesellschaft hat sich verändert, nachdem das Sowjetregime an die Macht gekommen war.

Anatoli: Ja, die Sowjetmacht begann von allem Anfang an den Kampf gegen Religion und Kirche. Lenin rief die Menschen auf, Priester zu töten und das Eigentum der Kirche zu konfiszieren. Daher mussten Gläubige ihren Glauben geheim halten, als wäre er ein Verbrechen. Kirchliche Feiertage wurden verboten, an ihrer Stelle führten die Bolschewiken Revolutionsfeiertage ein.

Doch nach dem Zusammenbruch des kommunistischen Systems begannen die Menschen wieder offen in die Kirche zu gehen. Jetzt, in der für Russland so schwierigen Übergangszeit, suchen viele Trost in der Religion, denn der christliche Glaube, die Orthodoxie, das Bekenntnis der wahren Lehre Christi waren immer die Grundlage der „Russischen Idee“. Das russische Volk wurde von Historikern ja immer als Gottesträger (sehr religiös, fromm) bezeichnet. Und die orthodoxe Kirche war ein außergewöhnlich wichtiger Bestandteil der russischen Kultur. Erinnere dich nur an Dostojewski, Tolstoj!

Harald: Wenn du schon Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoj nennst, so sollte man aber nicht vergessen hinzufügen, dass Tolstoj, der zu seiner Zeit das „Gewissen des Volkes“ genannt wurde, aus der Kirche ausgeschlossen wurde.

Tolja, du hast da etwas Interessantes gesagt, nämlich, dass das russische Volk als Gottesträgerbezeichnet wurde. Ich erinnere mich in diesem Zusammenhang an ein Buch eines bekannten russischen Historikers mit dem Titel „Das heilige Russland“. Der Autor Dmitri Tschischewski war Russe, der lange Jahre an einer deutschen Universität gelehrt hat. Ich habe das deshalb eingeworfen, weil es für mich sehr wichtig ist, ob diese Bezeichnung eine Selbsteinschätzung der Russen ist oder ob sie von außen, von Nichtrussen kommt.

Anatoli: Eher eine Selbsteinschätzung. Diese Definition gaben dem russischen Volk russische Philosophen und Historiker.

Harald: Auf Deutsch heißt die russische Kirche „russisch-orthodoxe Kirche“. Was bedeutet „orthodoxe“?

Anatoli: „Orthodoxe“ ist eine Zusammensetzung aus „Gott richtig rühmen“.

Wie du vielleicht weißt, gab es bis zum 9 Jahrhundert eine gemeinsame christliche Kirche. Ihre Trennung um 867 war die Folge des Streits zwischen dem römischen Papst und dem Patriarchen von Konstantinopel um die Führung in der christlichen Welt. Die katholische Kirche hatte einige Veränderungen in der Glaubenslehre, im Kult und in der Organisation vorgenommen, die orthodoxe Kirche dagegen war den alten christlichen Traditionen treu geblieben. Und daher kommt auch die Übersetzung des russischen „Russkaja pravoslavnaja Tserkov“ ins Deutsche als „russisch-orthodoxe Kirche“.

Harald: Ich weiß darüber leider zu wenig. Ich könnte mir aber vorstellen, dass die katholische Kirche die Gründe zur Kirchenspaltung anders interpretiert.

Tolja, weißt du, dass Österreich als „katholisches Land“ gilt, weil die überwiegende Mehrzahl der österreichischen Bevölkerung Katholiken sind? So gibt es zum Beispiel in Österreich mehr kirchliche Feiertage als staatliche.

Übrigens ist es in Österreich verhältnismäßig einfach, die Zahl der Gläubigen festzustellen, da sie von ihrer Kirche registriert werden. Nach Angaben der katholischen Kirche gibt es in Österreich mehr als fünf Millionen Katholiken, das sind etwa 70% der österreichischen Bevölkerung. Und jeder dieser registrierten Katholiken mit Einkommen hat auch Kirchensteuer zu bezahlen.

Anatoli: Die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche kennt keine Kirchensteuer, sondern lebt zum Großteil von den Spenden ihrer Gläubigen (…).

Harald, in den Zeitungen und im Fernsehen Österreichs gab es vor zwei, drei Jahren viele Berichte über eine Welle von Kirchenaustritten. Ich verstehe das nicht: Warum aus der Kirche austreten? Genügt es etwa nicht, einfach nicht in die Kirche zu gehen und sich nicht als Gläubiger zu fühlen?

Harald: Ich sollte da wohl vorausschicken, dass man bei uns von zwei „Kategorien“ von Katholiken sprechen muss. Es sind dies einmal die offiziell von der katholischen Kirche Registrierten, die, wenn sie, wie schon gesagt, Einkommen haben, auch Kirchensteuer zahlen. Die andere „Kategorie“ – einen Teil der ersten – bilden jene Katholiken, die regelmäßig am kirchlichen Leben teilnehmen.

Wenn man die Zahl der ersten und zweiten „Kategorie“ vergleicht, dann sieht man, dass die zweite „Kategorie“ zahlenmäßig bedeutend kleiner ist. Das heißt also, nur ein kleiner Teil der registrierten Katholiken nimmt auch am kirchlichen Leben teil. Und dies erlaubt wohl den Schluss, dass ein bestimmter Teil der Katholiken sich in irgendeiner Art bereits von der Kirche abwendet hat. Aber in der Regel zahlen diese Menschen, die bei uns auch „Taufscheinkatholiken“ genannt werden, weiterhin Kirchensteuer.

Ich weiß, Tolja, das ist nicht die Antwort auf deine Frage nach den Kirchenaustritten. Aber ich glaube, dass diese Erscheinung ein wesentlicher Schlüssel zum Verständnis des österreichischen „Katholizismus“ ist.

Anatoli: Und worin liegen die Gründe für diese Abwendung von der Kirche?

Harald: Einerseits ist das wahrscheinlich mit der Entwicklung der Gesellschaft insbesondere in der 2. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts verbunden, andererseits mit den Traditionen.

Eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle spielte dabei wohl auch das Schweigen des Papstes während der Nazizeit in Deutschland und Österreich: dadurch hat die Kirche einen Teil ihrer Autorität verspielt.

Andererseits ist das ganze gesellschaftliche Leben seit langer, langer Zeit mit der Kirche und ihren Traditionen sehr eng verbunden. Nehmen wir nur einige Ereignisse im Leben eines jeden Menschen, zum Beispiel die Taufe des Kindes, Weihnachten und das Begräbnis. Diese Ereignisse sind im Laufe der Zeit wichtige Familienfeste geworden, und für viele Menschen haben sie ihren kirchlichen, religiösen Inhalt verloren.

Anatoli: Und worin liegen dann die Gründe für die Kirchenaustritte in Österreich?

Harald: Das ist ebenfalls eine recht komplizierte Frage. Die meisten Austritte aus der katholischen Kirche Österreichs entfallen auf die Jahre 1996-98 und stehen wohl in einem ursächlichen Zusammenhang mit einigen Vertreten des katholischen Klerus. Viele Österreicher meinten, dass ihre Auftritte in der Öffentlichkeit und vor allem ihre Taten der Sache des Glaubens und der Religion einen großen Schaden zugefügt haben. Und mit ihrem Kirchenaustritt drücken sie ihr Missfallen und ihre Unzufriedenheit mit eben diesen Menschen aus. Und selbst unter jenen Menschen, die dann schließlich und endlich nicht aus der Kirchen austraten, verstärkte sich das Gefühl der inneren Emigration der Kirche gegenüber. Ich kenne viele Menschen, die in jener Zeit sehr ernsthaft über einen „offiziellen“ Austritt nachdachten und sich dann doch dagegen entschieden. Und die Höhe der Kirchensteuer hat dabei keine wie immer geartete Rolle gespielt.

Und in der unbeantwortet gebliebenen Frage, warum sie trotz alledem nicht ausgetreten sind, verbirgt sich wohl jenes ewige Geheimnis, das viele Menschen mit dem Glauben und der Kirche verbindet.

Tolja, wie ist das bei euch mit dem Eigentum der Kirche, das mit der Machtergreifung der Bolschewiken verstaatlicht wurde? Hat das neue Russland dies alles wieder der Kirche zurück gegeben?

Anatoli: Ja, natürlich. Die Kirche erhielt ihr gesamtes Eigentum zurück.

Wenn in der Sowjetzeit die Freiheit des Gewissens nur rein deklarativen Charakter hatte, so ist sie nun zur gelebten Wirklichkeit geworden. Alte Kirchen und Kathedralen werden restauriert, und nicht nur orthodoxe, sondern auch katholische, moslemische, jüdische und buddhistische. Du hast wahrscheinlich gehört, dass die Erlöserkathedrale in Moskau wiederaufgebaut wurde, jene Kathedrale, die die Kommunisten in den Dreißigerjahren gesprengt hatten. Und bei den orthodoxen Kirchen sind „Sonntagsschulen“ eröffnet worden, in denen Kinder in Religion unterrichtet werden.

Nach: Harald Loos, Anatoli Berditchevski. Österreich und Russland im Dialog. Moskau, Flinta-Nauka, Eisenstadt, E. Weber Verlag 2004. Fortsetzung folgt.


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